The Evolution of IMC

During the 1980s, many companies came to see the need for more of a strategic integration of their promotional tools. These firms began moving toward the process of integrated marketing communications (IMC), which involves coordinating the various promotional elements and other marketing activities that communicate with a firm's customers.9 As marketers embraced the concept of integrated marketing communications, they began asking their ad agencies to coordinate the use of a variety of promotional tools rather than relying primarily on media advertising. A number of companies also began to look beyond traditional advertising agencies and use other types of promotional specialists to develop and implement various components of their promotional plans.

Many agencies responded to the call for synergy among the promotional tools by acquiring PR, sales promotion, and direct-marketing companies and touting themselves as IMC agencies that offer one-stop shopping for all their clients' promotional needs.10 Some agencies became involved in these nonadvertising areas to gain control over their clients' promotional programs and budgets and struggled to offer any real value beyond creating advertising. However, the advertising industry soon recognized that IMC was more than just a fad. Terms such as new advertising, orchestration, and seamless communication were used to describe the concept of integration.11 A task force from the American Association of Advertising Agencies (the "4As") developed one of the first definitions of integrated marketing communications:

a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic roles of a variety of communication disciplines— for example, general advertising, direct response, sales promotion, and public relations—and combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communications impact.12

The 4As' definition focuses on the process of using all forms of promotion to achieve maximum communication impact. However, advocates of the IMC concept, such as Don Schultz of Northwestern University, argue for an even broader perspective that considers all sources of brand or company contact that a customer or prospect has with a product or service.13 Schultz and others note that the process of integrated marketing communications calls for a "big-picture" approach to planning marketing and promotion programs and coordinating the various communication functions. It requires that firms develop a total marketing communications strategy that recognizes how all of a firm's marketing activities, not just promotion, communicate with its customers.

Consumers' perceptions of a company and/or its various brands are a synthesis of the bundle of messages they receive or contacts they have, such as media advertisements, price, package design, direct-marketing efforts, publicity, sales promotions, websites, point-of-purchase displays, and even the type of store where a product or service is sold. The integrated marketing communications approach seeks to have all

Exhibit 1-4 Ben & Jerry's has a very strong image and reputation as a socially responsible company of a company's marketing and promotional activities project a consistent, unified image to the marketplace. It calls for a centralized messaging function so that everything a company says and does communicates a common theme and positioning.

Many companies have adopted this broader perspective of IMC. They see it as a way to coordinate and manage their marketing communications programs to ensure that they give customers a consistent message about the company and/or its brands. For these companies, the IMC approach represents an improvement over the traditional method of treating the various marketing and communications elements as virtually separate activities. However, as marketers become more sophisticated in their understanding of IMC, they recognize that it offers more than just ideas for coordinating all elements of the marketing and communications programs. The IMC approach helps companies identify the most appropriate and effective methods for communicating and building relationships with their customers as well as other stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, investors, interest groups, and the general public.

Tom Duncan and Sandra Moriarty note that IMC is one of the "new-generation" marketing approaches being used by companies to better focus their efforts in acquiring, retaining, and developing relationships with customers and other stakeholders. They have developed a communication-based marketing model that emphasizes the importance of managing all corporate or brand communications, as they collectively create, maintain, or weaken the customer and stakeholder relationships that drive brand value.14 Messages can originate at three levels—corporate, marketing, and marketing communications—since all of a company's corporate activities, marketing-mix activities, and marketing communications efforts have communication dimensions and play a role in attracting and keeping customers.

At the corporate level, various aspects of a firm's business practices and philosophies, such as its mission, hiring practices, philanthropies, corporate culture, and ways of responding to inquiries, all have dimensions that communicate with customers and other stakeholders and affect relationships. For example, Ben & Jerry's is a company that is rated very high in social responsibility and is perceived as a very good corporate citizen in its dealings with communities, employees, and the environment.15 Ben & Jerry's capitalizes on its image as a socially responsible company by supporting various causes as well as community events (Exhibit 1-4).

At the marketing level, as was mentioned earlier, companies send messages to customers and other stakeholders through all aspects of their marketing mixes, not just promotion. Consumers make inferences about a product on the basis of elements such as its design, appearance, performance, pricing, service support, and where and how it is distributed. For example, a high price may symbolize quality to customers, as may the shape or design of a product, its packaging, its brand name, or the image of the stores in which it is sold. Montblanc uses classic design and a distinctive brand name as well as a

Exhibit 1-4 Ben & Jerry's has a very strong image and reputation as a socially responsible company

high price to position its watches and pens as high-quality, high-status products. This upscale image is enhanced by the company's strategy of distributing its products only through boutiques, jewelry stores, and other exclusive retail shops. Notice how the marketing-mix elements that help shape the brand's distinctive image are reflected in the Montblanc ad shown in Exhibit 1-5.

At the marketing communications level, Duncan and Moriarty note that all messages should be delivered and received on a platform of executional and strategic consistency in order to create coherent perceptions among customers and other stakeholders. This requires the integration of the various marketing communication's messages and the functions of various promotional facilitators such as ad agencies, public relations firms, sales promotion specialists, package design firms, direct-response specialists, and interactive agencies. The goal is to communicate with one voice, look, and image across all the marketing communications functions and to identify and position the company and/or the brand in a consistent manner.

Many companies are realizing that communicating effectively with customers and other stakeholders involves more than traditional marketing communications tools. Many marketers, as well as advertising agencies, are embracing the IMC approach and adopting total communication solutions to create and sustain relationships between companies or brands and their customers. Some academics and practitioners have questioned whether the IMC movement is just another management fad.16 However, the IMC approach is proving to be a permanent change that offers significant value to marketers in the rapidly changing communications environment they are facing in the new millen-nium.17 We will now discuss some of the reasons for the growing importance of IMC.

Continue reading here: Reasons for the Growing Importance of IMC

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Readers' Questions

  • MARIA
    Which of these occurs during the planning stage of an imc program?
    1 month ago
  • During the planning stage of an IMC (Integrated Marketing Communications) program, the following activities occur:
    1. Setting objectives: The planning stage involves defining clear and measurable objectives that the IMC program aims to achieve. These objectives typically align with the overall marketing and communication goals of the organization.
    2. Conducting market research: This stage involves conducting market research to gain a better understanding of the target audience, competitors, market trends, and other relevant information. This research helps in identifying key insights and opportunities for the IMC program.
    3. Developing the target audience profile: Based on the market research, a target audience profile is developed to identify the specific demographics, psychographics, behaviors, and preferences of the target customers. This helps to tailor the IMC program messages and tactics accordingly.
    4. Creating the message strategy: The planning stage includes developing a message strategy that outlines the key messages to be communicated to the target audience. This involves determining the unique selling propositions and core brand messages, as well as the tone and style of communication.
    5. Allocating the budget: During the planning stage, the budget for the IMC program is determined. This involves allocating resources across various communication channels and activities in a way that maximizes the impact of the program.
    6. Selecting communication channels: The planning stage involves selecting the most effective communication channels to reach the target audience. These channels could include advertising, public relations, direct marketing, digital marketing, social media, or any other appropriate medium.
    7. Developing an IMC timeline: A timeline is created in the planning stage to outline the key milestones, deliverables, and deadlines for the IMC program. This ensures that the activities are executed in a timely manner and the program stays on track.
    8. Overall, the planning stage of an IMC program involves strategizing, researching, and outlining the key elements and activities required for successful implementation.
    • Isaias
      How your future industry is evolving within integrated marketing communications?
      2 months ago
    • The future of the integrated marketing communications (IMC) industry is evolving rapidly due to advancements in technology, changing consumer behavior, and the growing need for personalized and seamless brand experiences. Here are some key trends shaping the future of IMC:
      1. Digital Transformation: The industry is shifting towards digital channels and platforms as consumers spend more time online. Marketers are leveraging technology, such as social media, mobile apps, and big data analytics, to deliver targeted messages and measure campaign effectiveness.
      2. Data-driven Decision Making: IMC is becoming increasingly data-driven, with marketers relying on customer insights from various sources to develop personalized and effective strategies. The use of AI and machine learning helps analyze data and automate decision-making processes.
      3. Personalization and Customization: Consumers now expect personalized experiences, and IMC is evolving to cater to this demand. Marketers are utilizing data to segment audiences and deliver tailored messages across multiple touchpoints, creating more meaningful connections with customers.
      4. Integrated Customer Experiences: IMC focuses on creating cohesive brand experiences across different channels and touchpoints. Brands are integrating their marketing efforts across various mediums, such as traditional advertising, social media, events, PR, and customer service, to provide consistent messaging and seamless interactions.
      5. Influencer Marketing: Influencer marketing has become a popular component of IMC strategies, especially in industries where social media plays a significant role. Brands are collaborating with influencers to amplify their messages and create authentic connections with target audiences.
      6. Content Marketing: Content remains a crucial element of IMC, as it helps brands engage with consumers, build trust, and establish thought leadership. The future of IMC will see more focus on creating relevant, high-quality content that educates, entertains, and resonates with target audiences.
      7. Mobile and Voice Integration: With the rise of smartphones and smart speakers, IMC is adapting to mobile and voice-activated technologies. Marketers are optimizing content for mobile devices and developing voice-activated strategies to engage with consumers on-the-go.
      8. Ethical Marketing Practices: Consumers are increasingly concerned with ethical and sustainable practices, making it essential for brands to incorporate these values into their IMC strategies. Transparency, social responsibility, and environmental consciousness will continue to shape the future of IMC.
      9. Overall, the future of IMC is centered around embracing technology, data-driven insights, and personalized experiences to create meaningful connections with consumers across multiple touchpoints. By adapting to changing consumer behaviors and leveraging emerging technologies, the industry will continue to evolve and transform in the coming years.
      • martina
        How has integrated marketing communications changed over the years?
        10 months ago
      • Integrated marketing communications (IMC) has evolved significantly over the years to become a much more sophisticated, data-driven, and targeted practice. Instead of the traditional one-way communication methods, modern IMC focuses on engaging with consumers through personalization, interactive content, and data-driven insights. Companies are now able to use digital channels to communicate with their target audiences in real-time, and use analytics to measure the success of their campaigns. Additionally, IMC has become increasingly automated, allowing companies to scale their campaigns more quickly and efficiently.
        • bibiana
          Which of the following is not one of the terms used to describe the concept of integration in imc?
          1 year ago
        • Direct Response Marketing
          • fnan
            How imc development takes place in 1960s?
            1 year ago
          • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in 1944 as a result of the Bretton Woods agreement. This agreement was developed to facilitate international cooperation in order to promote economic stability and development. During the 1960s, the IMF began developing a range of instruments and policies to help improve the global economic environment. These included the establishment of lending facilities, the liberalization of capital markets, and the facilitation of capital flows between nations. The IMF also began to provide technical assistance and advice to countries in need of economic advice and support. The IMF was an important force in the 1960s in helping to coordinate economic responses to global economic crises, such as the 1960s Brazilian and Latin American debt crisis. It also provided technical assistance to many countries to help build their capacity for macroeconomic management. This work laid the foundations for subsequent decades of global financial integration. By the end of the decade, the IMF had established itself as a leading international economic organization dedicated to helping nations achieve stability and development.
            • anna maria
              What are the evolution of integrated marketing communication?
              1 year ago
              1. Traditional Marketing: This type of integrated marketing communication focused on traditional media such as newspapers and radio.
              2. Direct Marketing: This type of integrated marketing communication included direct mail and television commercials.
              3. Interactive Marketing: This type of integrated marketing communication utilized digital technologies such as websites, mobile phones, and digital displays.
              4. Social Media and Content Marketing: This type of integrated marketing communication utilized platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube to reach target audiences.
              5. Experiential Marketing: This type of integrated marketing communication focused on creating experiences that customers engage with, such as live events, pop-up stores, and virtual reality.
              6. Relationship Marketing: This type of integrated marketing communication focused on building relationships between the brand and the customer.
              7. Omni-Channel Marketing: This type of integrated marketing communication leverages all available channels to create a unified customer experience.
              • sophie
                How integration works and "evolution" of imc toolkit?
                1 year ago
              • Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) toolkits have evolved over the years, enabling marketers to more effectively balance the traditional techniques of media, print, and direct mail to create unified, coherent messages and experiences for their customers. IMC toolkits have traditionally been used to create campaigns and strategies that are tailored to each customer's set of needs and preferences. Today, IMC toolkits are even more powerful than ever before. By integrating all forms of communication, marketers can segment and re-target customers based on their own activities and behaviors. This means that each customer can receive tailored messages, offers, and experiences, which increase the potential for customer engagement. Additionally, by integrating data sources like analytics and social media, marketers can gain insights into customer behavior, and tailor campaigns accordingly. Finally, with the rise of automation and artificial intelligence, marketers are now leveraging predictive analytics to better understand customer preferences and anticipate their future needs. This helps them to create targeted campaigns that are tailored to each individual customer’s needs, and to optimize the delivery of their messages.
                • Mustafa
                  What is the added value of marcom?
                  1 year ago
                • The added value of marcom (marketing communication) lies in its ability to effectively communicate and promote a company's products or services to its target audience. Some specific benefits and values of marcom include:
                  1. Increase in brand awareness and visibility: Marcom activities help to create, maintain, and increase brand recognition, enabling potential customers to become familiar with a company's offerings.
                  2. Differentiation and competitive advantage: Marcom strategies allow businesses to showcase unique selling points and position themselves as leaders in the market, helping to differentiate themselves from competitors.
                  3. Building customer trust and loyalty: Through consistent and engaging communication, marcom fosters trust and loyalty among customers by providing relevant and valuable information, addressing their needs, and establishing long-term relationships.
                  4. Generating leads and increasing sales: Effective marcom campaigns can attract potential customers, generate leads, and drive sales by providing persuasive messaging, highlighting benefits, and creating a sense of urgency.
                  5. Enhancing customer experience: Marcom activities ensure that customers receive clear and consistent communication throughout their purchasing journey, resulting in a positive and satisfactory experience.
                  6. Multichannel reach and engagement: Marcom employs various communication channels such as advertising, public relations, social media, content marketing, and events to connect with customers through their preferred channels and engage with them at different touchpoints.
                  7. Measurable results and data-driven decision making: Marcom allows businesses to track and measure the effectiveness of their marketing efforts, enabling data-driven decision making for future campaigns and optimizing marketing budgets.
                  8. Overall, marcom plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining strong customer relationships, driving sales, and positioning a company as a valuable and trusted brand in the marketplace.
                  • elsa rasimus
                    How imc has evolved over years?
                    1 year ago
                  • IMC, or Integrated Marketing Communications, has evolved significantly over the years due to advancements in technology, changes in consumer behavior, and the emergence of new marketing channels. Here are a few ways in which IMC has evolved:
                    1. Technology integration: With the rise of the internet, social media, and mobile devices, IMC has had to incorporate new technologies into marketing strategies. This includes utilizing digital advertising platforms, employing data analytics for targeting and personalization, and leveraging social media channels for communication and engagement with customers.
                    2. Customer-centric approach: IMC has shifted from a product-focused to a customer-focused approach. Brands now strive to understand their customers' needs, preferences, and behaviors, and tailor their marketing messages accordingly. This includes employing customer segmentation strategies, creating personalized content, and implementing CRM systems to enhance customer relationships.
                    3. Multiple marketing channels: In the past, IMC was primarily focused on traditional advertising channels, such as television, radio, and print. However, today's IMC strategies encompass a wide range of online and offline channels. This includes social media, email marketing, content marketing, influencer marketing, experiential marketing, and more. The goal is to create a consistent brand message and presence across all platforms.
                    4. Two-way communication: IMC has evolved to emphasize the importance of two-way communication between brands and customers. Through social media, online forums, and customer service channels, brands now actively engage in conversations with their customers, seek feedback, and address their concerns. This allows for more personalized and meaningful interactions.
                    5. Real-time marketing: The advent of social media has facilitated real-time marketing, where brands can quickly respond to events, trends, or customer feedback. By monitoring social media discussions and using data analytics, brands can create timely and relevant content to engage their target audience.
                    6. Integration of offline and online efforts: With the increasing digitization of marketing, IMC has evolved to integrate offline and online marketing efforts. This involves aligning messaging, brand image, and customer experience across both digital and physical touchpoints. For example, a brand might run a TV advertisement while simultaneously launching a social media campaign to enhance its overall reach and impact.
                    7. Overall, IMC has evolved from traditional advertising and promotional strategies to encompass a holistic and integrated approach that leverages technology, customer insights, and multiple marketing channels to create a cohesive brand experience and build lasting customer relationships.
                    • antje
                      What are the evolutions in integrated marking communication?
                      1 year ago
                    • Integrated marketing communications (IMC) has witnessed several notable evolutions over time. Some of the key evolutions in integrated marketing communication include:
                      1. Traditional Advertising to Digital Advertising: The rise of digital media and advancements in technology have led to a shift from traditional advertising channels (such as television, radio, and print) to digital advertising platforms (such as social media, search engines, and mobile apps). This evolution has allowed for more personalized and targeted communication with consumers, as well as increased interactivity and engagement.
                      2. Siloed Approach to Integrated Approach: Initially, different marketing communication functions (like advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and direct marketing) were often treated as separate entities with little coordination. However, the evolution of IMC has emphasized the importance of integrating these functions under a cohesive and consistent communication strategy. This integrated approach ensures that all marketing communication efforts work together to deliver a unified brand message and enhance brand equity.
                      3. Mass Marketing to Targeted Marketing: In the past, mass marketing was prevalent, where companies aimed their messages at a broad audience. However, with the availability of data and analytics, IMC has evolved towards targeted marketing. Marketers can now segment their target market into smaller, more specific groups, and tailor their messages accordingly. This evolution allows for precise targeting, efficient resource allocation, and higher customer engagement.
                      4. One-Way Communication to Two-Way Communication: Traditional marketing communication was primarily a one-way process, where companies communicated their messages to consumers without expecting immediate feedback. However, with the rise of social media and other interactive platforms, IMC has shifted towards two-way communication. Now, consumers have the power to engage with brands in real-time, providing feedback, comments, and sharing their experiences. This evolution has made communication more interactive, engaging, and dialogue-based.
                      5. Offline to Online Integration: Initially, marketing communication activities were mostly conducted offline through physical channels like stores, events, and direct mail. However, the evolution of IMC has seen increasing integration of offline and online communication channels. Companies now combine offline and online marketing efforts to create an integrated customer experience. For instance, brands utilize online platforms to promote offline events, while in-store promotions drive consumers to engage with the brand's online presence.
                      6. Single-Channel to Multichannel and Omnichannel Communication: Traditionally, marketing communication efforts were focused on a single channel, such as television or print. However, the evolution of IMC has led to the adoption of multichannel and omnichannel communication strategies. Multichannel communication involves using multiple channels to reach customers, such as combining TV ads with social media and email marketing. Omnichannel communication takes it a step further by ensuring a seamless and consistent brand experience across all channels, enabling customers to interact with the brand seamlessly regardless of their preferred touchpoints.
                      7. These evolutions in integrated marketing communication reflect the changing consumer behavior, digital advancements, and the need for greater coherence, personalization, and engagement in marketing efforts.
                      • anja abendroth
                        What is the synthesis of the bundle of message customers receive?
                        1 year ago
                      • The synthesis of the bundle of messages customers receive is the overall message they are getting from the company. It is the sum of all the individual messages that the customers receive, and it encompasses all the different ideas, topics, and themes that the company is communicating to its customers. It is the overall impression that the customers have of the company from all the messages they receive, and what the company wants them to understand and remember about their products and services.
                        • leopoldo de luca
                          What is a synthesis of the bundle of messages customer receive or contacts?
                          1 year ago
                        • A synthesis of the bundle of messages customers receive or contacts is a summary of the communications between customers and businesses. This summary can include an overview of the content and types of messages sent, the frequency of contact, and the overall effectiveness of the communication strategy. It can also provide insights into how customers respond to communications and how communication can be improved.
                          • sergio
                            What are the evolution process of IMC?
                            1 year ago
                            1. Initialization of IMC: This involves the creation of a formal structure with dedicated staff and resources to support the IMC process. At this stage, an IMC program is set up and the goals are clarified.
                            2. Planning: The objectives and strategies are determined during this stage. A detailed analysis of the target market, customer needs and competitors is also conducted.
                            3. Implementation: The actual programs and activities outlined in the planning stage are now implemented.
                            4. Monitoring and Measurement: The effectiveness of the IMC programs and activities is measured and monitored.
                            5. Evaluation: The data from the monitoring and measurement stage is evaluated, and the results analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the IMC program and its elements.
                            6. Adjustment: Results from the evaluation indicate which elements of the IMC program require adjustment or re-evaluation.
                            7. Sustenance: The IMC program is now sustained and kept up-to-date to meet the changing needs of the target market.
                            • Regolo Angelo
                              How to marketing communication concept has evolved?
                              1 year ago
                            • The concept of marketing communication has evolved significantly over the years as technology and consumer behavior have changed. In the past, marketing communication focused more on traditional media such as television, radio, print, and outdoor advertising, but today it includes digital media such as social media, websites, search engine optimization (SEO), and email campaigns. It also often includes public relations, events, and promotions. At the same time, the concept of marketing communication has shifted from simply promoting an organization’s products and services to developing deeper relationships with customers through a two-way dialogue. The focus has shifted to really understanding the customer’s needs, desires, and motivations, and developing an ongoing relationship with customers that is built on trust and loyalty. The goal of modern marketing communication is to create an integrated approach to building relationships. Companies use various marketing channels to create a holistic view of their customers and to make sure they are reaching them with the right message, at the right time, and in the right place. It is important for companies to tailor their communication to each individual customer and to make sure it is relevant and engaging.
                              • Eric Bosch
                                What are the reasons for more and more companies moving to the IMC approach?
                                1 year ago
                                1. More Efficient Use of Resources: IMC provides companies with a more efficient way to use their resources by reducing the need for multiple marketing efforts. By consolidating all marketing activities, companies can maximize the impact of their limited resources by reaching more customers and improving the effectiveness of their activities.
                                2. Improved Customer Experience: IMC allows companies to better understand and respond to their customers’ needs. By coordinating all marketing messages, companies can create a unified and consistent customer experience that encourages brand loyalty and repeat purchases.
                                3. Increased Brand Recognition: IMC helps companies build a strong, recognizable brand that customers can easily recognize and remember. By creating a unified message across different marketing channels, companies can reach more customers, build a stronger presence and generate more brand recognition.
                                4. Increased Revenue: By utilizing IMC, companies can generate more leads, convert more leads into customers, and maximize their ROI. With a well-coordinated marketing strategy and unified messages, companies can get better results from their marketing efforts and increase their revenue.
                                • Stephanie
                                  What is strategic consistency in marketing communications?
                                  1 year ago
                                • Strategic consistency in marketing communications is the practice of delivering messages that are unified and consistent across all communication channels. This ensures that consumers receive a unified and consistent message, no matter the channel they choose to engage with, in order to maintain a clear and consistent brand identity and increase the effectiveness of marketing campaigns. It also helps the brand create and maintain brand recognition and loyalty.